High-Speed Data &
Telecommunication Modules
MUX & DEMUX
DAC
PAM-MUX, PAM-Sampler
Support
Multiplexers (MUX) & Demultiplexers (DEMUX)
| P/N | Type | Input Data Rate Range | Output Data Rate Range |
|---|---|---|---|
| SHF 601 A | 2:1 Mux | 1… 30 Gbps | 2… 60 Gbps |
| SHF 602 B | 4:1 Mux | 1.5… 15 Gbps | 6… 60 Gbps |
| SHF C603 B | 2:1 Mux | 2… 64 Gbps | 4… 128 Gbps |
| SHF 604 A | 2:1 Power Mux | 2… 40 Gbps | 4… 80 Gbps |
| SHF 621 A | 1:2 Demux | 2… 60 Gbps | 1… 30 Gbps |
| SHF C623 B | 1:2 Demux | 10… 120 Gbps | 5… 60 Gbps |
| SHF 11221 A | 1:2 Demux with automated delay line |
60… 120 Gbps | 30… 60 Gbps |
Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC)
| P/N | Type | Input | Output | Output Amplitude (typ., FS*) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SHF 611 F | 3-Bit DAC | 1… 32 Gbps at 2 or 3 inputs |
1… 32 GBaud 4 or 8 levels |
0.8 V single-ended 1.6 V differential |
| SHF 612 A | 4-Bit DAC | 1… 32 Gbps at 2, 3 or 4 inputs |
1… 32 GBaud 4, 8 or 16 levels |
0.6 V single-ended 1.2 V differential |
| SHF 613 A | 3-Bit DAC | 1… 60 Gbps at 2 or 3 inputs |
1… 60 GBaud 4 or 8 levels |
0.7 V single-ended 1.4 V differential |
| SHF 614 C | 6-Bit DAC | 1… 60 Gbps at 2 to 6 inputs |
1… 60 GBaud 4 to 64 levels |
1.5 V single-ended 3 V differential |
| SHF 615 B | 3-Bit Power DAC | 1… 60 Gbps at 2 or 3 inputs |
1… 60 GBaud 4 or 8 levels |
2.4 V single-ended 4.8 V differential |
| SHF C911 A | 4-Bit DAC | 5… 67 Gbps at 2, 3 or 4 inputs |
5… 67 GBaud 4, 8 or 16 levels |
0.6 V single-ended 1.2 V differential |
* FS: Full Scale i.e. maximum output with all input channels active. Output voltage can be reduced by software or by applying less input channels.
PAM Generation and Sampling (PAM-MUX, PAM-Sampler)
| P/N | Type | Input | Output |
|---|---|---|---|
| SHF 616 C | PAM4 Multiplexer | 1.5… 64 Gbps binary (at 4 inputs) |
3… 128 GBaud PAM4 (4… 256 Gbps PAM4) |
| SHF 11220 A | PAM4 Sampler | 30… 58 GBaud PAM4 (60… 116 Gbps PAM4) |
30… 58 Gbps binary |
Support – Communication Modules
Literature
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General Info
SHF provides a wide range of high speed modules suitable e.g. for SONET OC-768 / SDHSTM-256, 100 GbE, 400 GbE, 1TbE or Fibre Channel telecommunication systems . The needs of our customers are different; therefore SHF is happy to offer customization to specific applications. A small selection of such assemblies based on our standard product offerings can be found in the customized assemblies subsection.
Raising the speed (up to 120 Gbps serial)
Our multiplexers (MUX) and demultiplexers (DEMUX) offer broadband operation up to 120 Gbps with adjustable amplitude and eye symmetry.
Raising the number of levels (up to 60 GBaud)
Our digital-to-analog converters (DAC) operate at baud rates up to 32 or 60 GBaud. Up to six single-ended serial data streams are converted into one differential multi-level signal. This makes the DAC an ideal electrical signal source e.g. for PAM or QAM applications. Together with one of our our programmable BPGs (Bit Pattern Generators) a high speed “remote head” AWG (Arbitrary Waveform Generator) is formed.
Raising the speed and the number of levels (up to 128 GBaud)
Our PAM4 multiplexer take four binary input data streams, re-time, reshape the signals and multiplex each two to a binary signal of double the speed. Inside the module a two bit DAC converts these two extremely high speed signals to a four level signal.
Brochures
FAQ
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What does a DAC do logically?
A Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) is a device that converts digital data to an analog signal. It takes the binary input bits, weights and adds these together. Electrically SHF DACs do much more because of the on-chip 3R regeneration (re-timing, re-shaping & re-amplification) but logically this is the only operation a DAC does.
To have it less abstract, let’s assume a 3 Bit DAC in symmetric configuration (i.e. with equal amplitudes steps between the output levels) and for the sake of getting an overview, let’s normalize the voltage contributions. The output amplitude can be realized by adding the individual levels (basically it is just like counting binary). The table below shows a typical 3-Bit DAC scheme:
This scheme holds true for the 3-Bit DAC as above as well as for the 6-Bit DAC. However, for a 6-Bit DAC one has 26=64 instead of the 23=8 output levels shown above. There is no other difference between a 6 and a 3-Bit DAC. The more bits are used, the more levels the output has (with means greater resolution).
Can I use the SHF DAC with less input bits?
Even operating the DAC as a binary D-type Flip Flop by using one input bit only is possible.
For such cases it is recommended to use the most significant bits of the DAC as these provide the biggest contribution to the output signal amplitude. In other words, the output amplitude is higher if the more significant bits are used and therefore the signal-to-noise ratio will be improved.
What voltage levels do I get from the DAC? Can I adjust the individual eye openings?
Uout=D0 · a0 + D1 · a1 + D2 · a2 .
In the data sheet of the SHF DACs you will find a table showing the maximum contribution of each bit similar as below:
Input D2:
Input D1:
Input Do: on
Output Amplitude: a0max
Output Amplitude: (example SHF 615 A): 345 mV
Input D2:
Input D1: on
Input Do:
Output Amplitude: a1max ≈ 2·a0max
Output Amplitude: (example SHF 615 A): 690 mV
Input D2: on
Input D1:
Input Do:
Output Amplitude: a2max ≈ 2·a1max ≈ 4·a0max
Output Amplitude: (example SHF 615 A): 1380 mV
Input D2: on
Input D1: on
Input Do: on
Output Amplitude: a0max + a1max + a2max
Output Amplitude: (example SHF 615 A): 2415 mv
The amplitude contribution of each individual input Bit is adjustable by the appropriate slider in the GUI. The minimum voltage contribution anmin is half of the maximum anmax. As the DACs are calibrated, the voltage contribution in Volts is shown in the GUI.
To understand what implications this has on a PAM signal, lets assume the DAC is used in PMA-4 / 2-Bit Mode, i.e. the voltage contribution can be calculated as follows:
Uout=D1 · a1 + D2 · a2 .
For the PAM-4 signal this has the following implications:
- The output amplitude of a 3-Bit DAC in 2-Bit mode (one bit unused) is not as high as with all three bits used.
- If a1 & a2 are reduced by the same factor the overall amplitude gets reduced. By setting all contributions to the minimum the output power is reduced by 6 dB.
- If a1 is reduced (and/or a2 is raised) the inner of the three individual eyes gets bigger. In other words, the symmetry is changed. Please note, the symmetry cannot be changed in case all input bits are used.
- Adjusting all eyes individually (e.g. making the lower eye smaller, while enlarging the upper eyes) is not possible. Such unequal PAM signals can only be realized by programming the input bits accordingly. This would be a feature of a SHF BPG not the DAC itself (please see FAQ below).
The user does not have to worry about setting the individual voltage contributions. The symmetry and the amplitude for PAM-4 can be set in the GUI right away.
DAC GUI
What are the requirements for the input signals into the DAC?
The term ‘full’ clock means, that the speed of the clock (in Hz) must be the same as the speed of the input data (in bps). For example, to generate a 60 GBaud 8-level signal, one must apply a 60 GHz clock plus three 60 Gbps binary data signals to the DAC inputs.
For proper operation all inputs must be (a) phase aligned and for some applications even (b) bit aligned. A perfect alignment is shown in the graphic below.
(a) Phase Alignment
All SHF DACs are active devices which re-time and re-shape the input signal. This makes the DACs very robust regarding signal impairments and skew at its inputs. Independent from the binary input signal quality one will always receive a perfect PAM signal even if the phase alignment is not as perfect as in the picture above. Nevertheless, the DAC needs to find a valid sampling point and therefore the clock & data input signals must be reasonably good aligned in order to meet the phase margin (hold time) requirements of the device. For example, if an input signal is sampled in its crossing the DAC will produce errors at its outputs.
Proper phase alignment for each single input can be easily verified by operating the DAC in one bit (binary) mode. In case the user has full control of the phase into the DAC (like with a SHF BPG) a perfectly aligned setup can be achieved easily.
(b) Bit Alignment
If above phase alignment requirement is fulfilled the DAC will always produce perfectly shaped PAM signals. For some applications, this is the only requirement one would need to consider.
In case of programming the DAC inputs in order to use it e.g. as an Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG) not only the phase alignment has to be considered but also the logical bit alignment. The graphic below shows input D2 is not properly bit aligned and should be shifted by -1 bit.
In case an error analyzer or a scope is used, there are straight forward possibilities to find out whether the bit streams are bit aligned (please be referred to the SHF literature). In addition, with a SHF 12104 A BPG one has full control of the bit alignment. Shifting D2 by -1 bit would be one click in the software and the DAC would have a perfect bit alignment.
What is the difference between passive combining and an active DAC?
It is possible to generate a PAM-4 signal by using a broadband passive combiner. However, this has many drawbacks compared to an active DAC module. Just a few to be mentioned:
Output Power
A DAC usually provides more output signal swing than a passive combiner since the least significant bit into the passive combiner must be attenuated accordingly (usually 6 dB).
Reflection
A passive combiner is transparent in all directions. This means, the signal applied to one input will be present not only at the output but also at the other input. This always has an influence on the output signal quality because multiple reflections impact the overall output signal quality accordingly (due to the imperfect output reflection coefficient (s22) of the driving source). Usually this influence is minimized by inserting attenuators at both pattern generator outputs. This however, further reduces the output voltage.
By using a DAC this problem can be disregarded. In contrary, even if you have a bad signal from your BPG the DAC will always provide a perfectly shaped output as long as it is good enough for sampling by the input latch of the DAC
Skew
The two signals into the passive combiner must be extremely well aligned as even a small skew between the input signals will distort the output signal. In case the used pattern generator does not have an internal fine skew control, an additional external delay line has to be added. This makes the passive combiner approach rather inconvenient.
Compared to the passive combining the DAC is extremely robust against skew between the driving signals.
Placement at the DUT
A passive combiner must be placed very close to the pattern generator outputs. This means, even if the combiner provides a reasonable good PAM-4 signal it must probably be transmitted through a long cable to the DUT. This will distort the high speed multi-level signal.
The DAC can be placed very close to the DUT. The extension cables can be inserted between the pattern generator’s outputs and DAC. The signal impairments introduced by these cables will not influence the DAC’s outputs as the input DFFs retime and reshape the signal on-chip before the voltage contributions are combined. After all, the DAC is much more robust and can be physically moved on the laboratory bench without any influence on the signal quality.
Additional Levels
SHF DACs have at least three input bits. The SHF 614 A even has six. With this additional bits one can do much more than just ordinary PAM-4. Examples are unequal amplitude PAM, PAM-5/8/16/../64, PAM with pre-emphasis. With a passive combiner all this is impossible.
Can a DAC be used to generate PAM-4 with Pre-Emphasis?
In case a SHF BPG with four outputs is available one can set the bit delay and invert the channel just by a few clicks in the software. No additional hardware is required.
In case an SHF BPG with ‘only’ two channels is available the data bar outputs can be used for D0 and D1. Here, external components have to be used for the one bit delay.
Pre-emphases can be a very powerful tool. In the example below a 30 GBaud PAM-4 signal is transmitted through a 2.5 meter SMA cable.
Input signal without pre-emphases
Output signal without pre-emphases
Input signal with pre-emphases
Output signal with pre-emphases
Software
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SHF Control Center (SCC)
All high-speed modules with a product code starting with a “C” in the product code (SHF Cxxx A/B/C), the SHF 614 B/C and SHF 616 A/B are to be operated by the SCC.
This SHF software is free of charge for the lifetime of your device. The most current version can be downloaded here.
SHF 600 Series Control
This software package is required to operate all variants of the SHF 611, 612, 613, 615 and the SHF 614 A (later versions of the SHF 614 are to be operated with the SHF Control Center (SCC)).
This SHF software is free of charge for the lifetime of your device. The most current version can be downloaded here.
Discontinued Products
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Discontinued Multiplexers (Mux) & Demultiplexers (Demux)
| P/N | Type |
|---|---|
| SHF 1037 Mux | 25 Gbps 2:1 multiplexer |
| SHF 5005 A | 60 GBit/s 4:1 Multiplexer |
| SHF 404 Mux | 60 Gbps 4:1 multiplexer |
| SHF 408 Mux | 100 Gbps 2:1 multiplexer |
| SHF 602 A | 4:1 Multiplexer |
| SHF 5002 A | 60 GBit/s 1:4 Demultiplexer |
| SHF 423 Mux | 60 Gbps 1:4 demultiplexer |
| SHF 603 A | 120 Gbps 2:1 MUX |
| SHF 623 B | 120 Gbps 1:2 DEMUX |
| SHF C603 A | 120 Gbps 2:1 MUX |
| SHF C623 A | 120 Gbps 1:2 DEMUX |
Discontinued Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC)
Signal Shaping (Filters, Equalizers and Attenuators)
| P/N | Type | Bandwidth |
|---|---|---|
| SHF C681 A | 6-Tap FIR Filter | up to 55 GHz* |
| SHF C681 B | 6-Tap FIR Filter | up to 55 GHz* |
*Bandwidth depends on the set filter characteristic.
Discontinued Flip-Flops & Buffer Amplifiers
| P/N | Type |
|---|---|
| SHF 430 DFF | 50 Gbps D-type flip-flop |
| SHF 431 B | 55 Gbps D-type flip-flop |
| SHF 450 B | Limiting Amplifier |
| SHF 631 A | 56 Gbps D-type Flip-Flop |
| SHF 651 A | 56 Gbps Buffer Amplifier |
